Una nueva subespecie de Heraclides androgeus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) y sus aspectos biogeográficos / A new subspecies of Heraclides androgeus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and its biogeographical aspects

Heraclides androgeus epidaurus was described and illustrated by Godman & Salvin in 1890 based on specimens obtained in Veracruz, indicating that their distribution encompassed both the Pacific and Atlantic sides of Mexico. Later authors commented that there were morphological differences between the male wings from both populations. We analyzed, described and nominated Heraclides androgeus reyesorum ssp. nov. Vargas, Llorente & Luis distributed in the Mexican Pacific coast, based on 62 specimens, and compared it with H. a. epidaurus from the Gulf of Mexico, based on more than 200 specimens housed at UNAM: Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias and the Colección Nacional de Insectos of the Instituto de Biología, as well as some collections from the USA. The main characters were the width of the yellow and black bands on forewings in males, which had a significant difference between the populations of both sides of Mexico, although some characters were variable and showed partial overlap. In the hindwings, the differences were the extent of the subterminal lunules in dorsal and ventral view. We also analyzed the male genitalia, finding notorious differences in both sclerotic processes of the harpe. Subspecific differences between females refer to the brightness and extent of green spots on the hindwings and the extent of lunules in the ventral view. The greatest abundance of H. a. reyesorum ssp. nov. was in the tropical deciduous forest, with gallery forest and in the lower range of the cloud forest, present at altitudes of 500-800m and 1 000-1 750m, respectively. We discussed the pattern of endemism due to historical vicariant processes and explain the presence of the new subspecies of H. androgeus and other taxa of specific level.

Hemos reunido evidencia de que Heraclides está formado por dos subespecies, cada una con caracteres propios que las distinguen; analizamos, describimos y nominamos a Heraclides androgeus reyesorum ssp. nov. que se distribuye en la costa pacífica mexicana. Los principales caracteres masculinos fueron la amplitud de las bandas amarilla y negra en alas anteriores, que al cuantificarse y analizarse tuvieron una diferencia significativa entre las poblaciones de las dos vertientes de México, a pesar que algunos caracteres son variables y muestran superposición parcial. En alas posteriores las diferencias fueron la amplitud de lúnulas subterminales en vista dorsal y ventral. Se analizaron los genitales masculinos, se encontraron diferencias determinantes en los procesos esclerosados del harpagón. Las diferencias subespecíficas entre hembras se refieren al brillo y extensión de las manchas verdes en alas posteriores y a la amplitud de lúnulas en vista ventral. La mayor abundancia de H. a. reyesorum ssp. nov. fue en el bosque de galería del bosque tropical caducifolio y en el intervalo inferior del bosque mesófilo, a 500-800m y 1 000-1 750m, respectivamente. Se discute la existencia de un patrón de endemismo analizado por Halffter (1978) y Morrone & Llorente (2006) que obedece a procesos históricos vicariantes y resume la presencia de subespecies nuevas en el Pacífico como en H. androgeus y muchos otros taxones.

Molecules, wing pattern and distribution: an approach to species delimitation in the "loxurina group" (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Penaincisalia)

The wide range of morphological variations in the "loxurina group" makes taxa identification difficult, and despite several reviews, serious taxonomical confusion remains. We make use of DNA data in conjunction with morphological appearance and available information on species distribution to delimit the boundaries of the "loxurina" group species previously established based on morphology. A fragment of 635 base pairs within the mtDNA gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) was analysed for seven species of the "loxurina group". Phylogenetic relationships among the included taxa were inferred using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Penaincisalia sigsiga (Bálint et al), P. cillutincarae (Draudt), P. atymna (Hewitson) and P. loxurina (C. Felder & R. Felder) were easily delimited as the morphological, geographic and molecular data were congruent. Penaincisalia ludovica (Bálint & Wojtusiak) and P. loxurina astillero (Johnson) represent the same entity and constitute a sub-species of P. loxurina. However, incongruence among morphological, genetic, and geographic data is shown in P. chachapoya (Bálint & Wojtusiak) and P. tegulina (Bálint et al). Our results highlight that an integrative approach is needed to clarify the taxonomy of these neotropical taxa, but more genetic and geographical studies are still required.

A new genus and species of Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from southern Brazil

This paper describes a new genus and a new species of Euptychiina from open grassland habitats (campos de cima da serra) in southern Brazil. The systematic position of this new taxon is discussed based on morphological and molecular data, and it is considered sister to Taydebis Freitas. Since the campos vegetation is considered endangered due to anthropogenic activities, this butterfly species deserves attention and should be included in future conservation plans for this biome.

From the Phylogeny of the Satyrinae Butterflies to the Systematics of Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): History, Progress and Prospects

We review the various proposals of evolutionary and classification schemes for Satyrinae and particularly Euptychiina butterflies, assessing progress and prospects of research for the group. Among the highlights is the proposal to include Morphini, Brassolini and Amathusiini as part of Satyrinae. Although it is clear that this hypothesis requires further investigation, phylogenetic studies recently conducted recover this clade as part of Satyrinae with high support. The phylogenetic analyses for Euptychiina carried out to date recover the monophyly of the group and have identified a variety of genera as non-monophyletic. Further work is necessary to resolve the position of the subtribe and the evolutionary relationships of several genera.

Taxonomía y distribución de Nathalis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) en Colombia

The taxonomy and distribution of Nathalis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Colombia. In Colombia, Nathalis has two described species: N. iole and N. plauta. Previous authors did not make detailed descriptions of its distribution in meridional regions and failed to differentiate both species based on genitalic characters. Some wing marks have been enough to separate them, but co-specificity was a possibility. They inhabit Colombia above 2000 m in the paramo, and have a vicariant distribution from the remaining population of N. iole in the Antillean and Central and North America. An analysis focused on male and female genitalia, as well as the wing pattern of more than 100 specimens from the Colombian Andes (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and Sierra de Perijá) and Mexico, indicates that the two species differ in their genitalia, and considering their allopatric distribution, we support the specific distinction of N. iole and N. plauta. We describe a new endemic subspecies found exclusively in the paramo above 3000 m, an area where other endemics occur. It has phenotypic plasticity related to environmental factors. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 273-285. Epub 2010 March 01.

En Colombia, Nathalis comprende dos especies descritas: N. iole y N. plauta. Autores previos no describieron detalladamente su distribución meridional y fallaron en la diferenciación de ambas especies basado en sus caracteres genitales. Algunos caracteres de su diseño alar habían sido suficientes para separarlas, pero su co-especificidad pudo ser una posibilidad. Estas habitan en Colombia, por arriba de los 2000 m en el páramo, y tienen una distribución vicariante desde poblaciones remanentes de N. iole en las Antillas y en Centro y Norteamérica. Un análisis de la variación de los genitales masculinos y femeninos, así como del diseño alar de más de 100 especímenes de los Andes Colombianos (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta y Sierra de Perijá) y México, indica que las dos especies difieren en sus genitales, y considerando su distribución alopátrida, nosotros confirmamos la distinción específica entre N. iole y N. plauta. Describimos una nueva subespecie endémica encontrada exclusivamente en el páramo por encima de los 3000 m, un área en donde se dan otros endemismos. Las especies de Nathalis presentan plasticidad fenotípica debida a factores ambientales.

Is the butterfly Tomares ballus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) a potential pest of Lens culinaris (Leguminosae)?

The lentil (Lens culinaris) is identified as a new host plant of the lepidopteran Tomares ballus. Five larvae of T. ballus were found on 19 May, 2007 in a crop of "castellana" lentils in Toledo Province, Spain and reared in the laboratory. The larval brown spiracles are slightly darker than the rest of the pupa. Traditional cultural practices reduce the insect’s probability of completing its life-cycle. We present flight phenology data for T. ballus from the unedited Atlamar database (1 073 records from 1887 to 2003), based on the 438 records for which the year, month and day are known. This period coincides with the flowering and formation of the legumes of various species of leguminosae, such as lentils. The peak activity of the imagos occurs in the second half of March and the first half of April, and the last larvae must be present in the field until the beginning of June. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 623-634. Epub 2009 September 30.

La lenteja (Lens culinaris) es una nueva planta hospedera de la mariposa Tomares ballus. Hallamos cinco larvas el 19 de mayo de 2007 en un cultivo de lentejas de la variedad "castellana" en la provincia de Toledo, España y las criamos en el laboratorio. Los espiráculos, de color marrón, son ligeramente más oscuros que el resto de la pupa. Las prácticas culturales tradicionales reducen al insecto la probabilidad de completar su ciclo de vida. Se presenta la fenología de datos de vuelo para T. ballus a partir de la base de datos Atlamar (1 073 registros de 1887 a 2003), sobre la base de los 438 registros en que se conocen año, mes y día. Este período coincide con la floración de diversas especies de leguminosas, incluyendo las lentejas. El pico de actividad de los imagos se produce en la segunda quincena de marzo y la primera quincena de abril, y las últimas larvas deben estar presentes en el campo hasta principios de junio.

Borboletas (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea e Papilionoidea) do campus da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul / Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea) from Universidade Federal de Santa Maria campus, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul

Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a composição, riqueza e diversidade das borboletas encontradas na área do campus Camobi da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. As amostragens foram realizadas bimestralmente de setembro de 2005 a setembro de 2006, com esforço amostral padronizado em cerca de sete horas/rede entomológica/ocasião. No total de 113 horas de amostragem, foram registrados 872 indivíduos, distribuídos em 89 espécies. Do total de indivíduos, 575 (65,9 por cento) pertencem à família Nymphalidae, 174 (19,9 por cento) a Hesperiidae, 88 (10,1 por cento) Pieridae, 21 (2,4 por cento) Lycaenidae, 10 (1,2 por cento) Papilionidae e quatro (0,5 por cento) Riodinidae. Do total de espécies, 40 (44,9 por cento) pertencem à família Nymphalidae, 25 (28,1 por cento) à Hesperiidae, 11 (12,4 por cento) Pieridae, oito (8,9 por cento) Lycaenidae, três (3,4 por cento) Papilionidae e duas (2,3 por cento) Riodinidae. As cinco espécies mais abundantes do campus Camobi foram Pyrgus orcus (Stoll, 1780) (N = 78) (Hesperiidae) e os Nymphalidae Hermeuptychia hermes (Fabricius, 1775) (N = 70), Anartia amathea roeselia (Eschscholtz, 1821) (N = 55), Vanessa braziliensis (Moore, 1883) (N = 51) e Heliconius erato phyllis (Fabricius, 1775) (N = 51). Destas, apenas H. hermes e V. braziliensis, consideradas comuns em campos ou ambientes abertos, não são características de ambientes perturbados. Estudos anteriores registraram mais 12 espécies de borboletas, elevando a riqueza local de espécies para 101. Apesar de estar sujeito a forte ação antrópica, o campus Camobi ainda é capaz de abrigar uma fauna expressiva de borboletas.

This work aimed to investigate the composition, richness and diversity of butterflies from Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, campus area of Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. The field work was performed bimonthly from September 2005 to September 2006, with standardized effort of seven hours/entomological net/occasion. 872 individuals from 89 species were registred on 113 hours: 575 (65.9 percent) from Nymphalidae, 174 (19.9 percent) from Hesperiidae, 88 (10.1 percent) Pieridae, 21 (2.4 percent) Lycaenidae, 10 (1.2 percent) Papilionidae and four (0.5 percent) Riodinidae. 40 (44.9 percent) species were from Nymphalidae, 25 (28.1 percent) Hesperiidae, 11 (12.4 percent) Pieridae, 8 (8.9 percent) Lycaenidae, three (3.4 percent) Papilionidae and two (2.3 percent) Riodinidae. The five most abundant species from Camobi campus were Pyrgus orcus (Stoll, 1780) (N = 78) (Hesperiidae) and Nymphalidae Hermeuptychia hermes (Fabricius, 1775) (N = 70), Anartia amathea roeselia (Eschscholtz, 1821) (N = 55), Vanessa braziliensis (Moore, 1883) (N = 51) and Heliconius erato phyllis (Fabricius, 1775) (N = 51). Only H. hermes and V. braziliensis, typical from grasslands and open habitats, are not characteristic of disturbed environments. Previous studies registered 12 more butterfly species, raising local species richness to 101. Although strongly human impacted, the Camobi campus is still able to sustain an expressive butterfly fauna.

Morfologia externa dos estágios imaturos de heliconíneos neotropicais: VI. Dione moneta moneta Hübner (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) / External morphology of the immature stages of Neotropical heliconines: VI. Dione moneta moneta Hübner (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiini)

As estruturas externas do ovo, larva e pupa de Dione moneta moneta Hübner, 1825 são descritas e ilustradas, baseadas em microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura.

The external features of the egg, larva and pupa of Dione moneta moneta Hübner, 1825 are described and illustrated, based upon light and scanning electron microscopy.

Larva de quinto estádio e pupa de Opsiphanes quiteria meridionalis Staudinger (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolinae) / Fifth larval instar and pupa of Opsiphanes quiteria meridionalis Staudinger (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidade, Brassolinae)

É apresentada a descricão da larva de quinto estádio e pupa de Opsiphanes quiteria meridionalis Staudinger, 1877 de material proveniente do sul do Brasil. Os imaturos, exceto ovo, e o adulto são ilustrados. Larvas alimentam-se de Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman (Arecaceae).

Morfometria de Papilioninae (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) ocorrentes em quatro localidades do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. I. Comparações com a massa corporal / Morphometrics of Papilioninae (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) occurring in four localities of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. I. Comparisons with body mass

A análise da relação entre a asa e partes do corpo em Lepidoptera podem revelar uma conexão entre a estrutura e a função. Este estudo investigou relações entre o tamanho do corpo de papilionídeos e suas partes, importantes para entender como a forma e o tamanho são determinados, e como eles estão adaptados aos ambientes bióticos e abióticos. Fêmeas são mais pesadas que machos (acima de 1,75 g). Em habitat diferentes, o tórax e o abdômen das fêmeas é maior em 100 por cento das 11 espécies analisadas, a massa total 92 por cento, e a massa de asas 75 por cento. Espécies cujas fêmeas tiveram a maior massa também mostraram maior deslocamento e dispersão nas suas áreas de vida. Em habitats mais perturbados pelo homem ou com menor cobertura vegetal, o aumento no tamanho do tórax é significativamente maior que o das asas, tanto para os machos como para as fêmeas. Nos machos, o aumento de abdômen não é significativamente maior que o das asas, em todos os locais investigados. Porém, nas fêmeas o aumento do abdômen é significativo em todas os locais. A análise de agrupamento mostra dois grandes grupos caracterizados por espécies com tamanhos e proporções semelhantes. Um grupo com espécies que ocupam ambientes com umidade alta, e outro (mais heterogêneo) que ocupa habitats alterados pela ação do homem. O primeiro mostra duas subdivisões distinguidas pelo tipo de exibição que machos apresentam às fêmeas.

Dichotomic spermiogenesis in Euptoieta hegesia(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Butterflies and moths produce enucleate (apyrene) and nucleate (eupyrene) spermatozoa. However, most studies oflepidopteran spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis have used only larvae and pupae. In this work, we used light andtransmission electron microscopy to examine spermiogenesis in males of the butterfly Euptoieta hegesia. Only adultmales were used, because this species has a long adult lifespan during which all cell stages can be observed. Male E.hegesia had a single fused testis with cysts that exclusively contained either apyrene or eupyrene cells. The mainevents of apyrene spermiogenesis included the formation, transformation and elimination of micronuclei, dense capformation, the development of mitochondrial derivatives and tail elongation. Eupyrene spermiogenesis involvedacrosome formation, nuclear condensation and elongation, extracellular appendage development, formation ofmitochondrial derivatives and tail elongation. The pattern and events of apyrene and eupyrene spermiogenesis in E.hegesia corroborate and complement data in the literature, particularly with regard to the intermediate developmentalstages of some structures, such as the acrosome, axoneme and extracellular appendages.